Foundations of radar synthesis theory of phantom objects formation in SAR images

Volodymyr Pavlikov, Simeon Zhyla, Pavlo Pozdniakov, Denys Kolesnikov, Hlib Cherepnin, Olexandr Shmatko, Oleksii Odokiienko, Pavlo Malashta, Eduard Tserne

Abstract


The primary research area is developing a theory of false object formation in aerospace radar images. This process involves adding the spatial and temporal trajectory signals of the object information features that are absent on the underlying surface irradiated by an aerospace carrier. The goal of this study is to determine the general concepts of the design and application of radar image phantomization radars. The research is aimed at solving the following tasks: to describe the general concept of phantomization radar (PhR) design and application; to formulate the hypotheses underlying the theory and outline the range of issues to be solved; to determine the general structure of PhR; to develop mathematical models of the laws of distance change in the system “phantom image generator – remote sensing radio system”; to determine the size limitations of the area where phantom replacement of real radio images can be provided following the viewing mode of the underlying surface from satellites. The solution to these tasks is based on the methods of the remote sensing system synthesis theory, radiophysics, coherent image formation, functional analysis, synthesis, and processing of spatiotemporal signals. The following results were obtained: 1) the structure of the PhR is defined, which includes a receiver, a bank of SAR signal models, a bank of object models to be injected into the PhR signal, and a transmitter; 2) the parameters of the received SAR sensing signal that need to be estimated in the PhR receiver are determined; 3) the geometry of interaction in the “SAR-PhR” system is described, which allowed us to determine an expression for estimating the distance between SAR and PhR, as well as to estimate the distance-related parameters, such as signal delay time and characteristics of sensing signals. Conclusions. This paper describes several primary issues that arise in the development of the phantomization radio image theory. The results obtained are the foundation for further research, which should be directed toward the development of mathematical models of the aerospace remote sensing system orbits, spatial and temporal signals emitted by the remote sensing radio systems from aerospace carriers, and formalization of the features of the underlying surface in the “SAR-PhR” system.

Keywords


remote sensing theory; radar imaging; SAR imaging; signal processing

Full Text:

PDF

References


Goward, S. N., Bauer, M. E., Biehl, L. L., Hall, F. G., Hoffer, R. M., Richards, J. A., Rocchio, L. E. P., Salomonson, V. V., & Williams, D. L. David A. Landgrebe: Evolution of Digital Remote Sensing and Landsat. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2022, vol. 15, pp. 4835-4860. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3176804.

Sumantyo, J. T. S, Chua, M. Y., Santosa, C. E., Panggabean, G. F., Watanabe, T., Setiadi, B., Sumantyo, F. D. S., Tsushima, K., Sasmita, K., Mardiyanto, A., Supartono, E., Rahardjo, E. T., Wibisono, G., Marfai, M. A., Jatmiko, R. H., Sudaryatno, Purwanto, T. H., Widartono, B. S., Kamal, M., Perissin, D., Gao, S., & Ito, K. Airborne Circularly Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2021, vol. 14, pp. 1676-1692. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2020.3045032.

Jin, Y., Chen, J., Xia, X. G., Liang, B., Xiong, Y., Liang, Z., & Xing, M. Ultrahigh-Resolution Autofocusing for Squint Airborne SAR Based on Cascaded MD-PGA. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022, vol. 19, article no. 4017305. DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2021.3105254.

Pavlikov, V., Volosyuk, V., Zhyla, S., Van, H. N., & Van, K. N. A new method of multi-frequency active aperture synthesis for imaging of SAR blind zone under aerospace vehicle. Proceedings of the 2017 14th International Conference The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics (CADSM), Lviv, Ukraine, IEEE, 2017, pp. 118-120. DOI: 10.1109/CADSM.2017.7916099.

Wang, D., Gao, Q., Liu, Z., Ding, Y., Huang, T., & Gao, L. Evaluation of Vehicle Camouflage Effectiveness under a Complex Background Based on the Time-Limited Search Model. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2022, vol. 15, pp. 6133-6143. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3192351.

Zhao, J., Zhou, B., Wang, G., & Liu, J. Camouflage Target Recognition Based on Dimension Reduction Analysis of Hyperspectral Image Regions. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2022, vol. 15, pp. 6133-6143. DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3192351.

Kavipriya, P., Jegan, G., Venkat, E., & Ranganadh, D. N. Design of IOT Based Multifunctional Camouflage Military Robot. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS), Coimbatore, India, IEEE, 2021, pp. 1431-1435. DOI: 10.1109/ICAIS50930.2021.9395991.

Shimoni, M., Haelterman, R., & Perneel, C. Hyperspectral Imaging for Military and Security Applications: Combining Myriad Processing and Sensing Techniques. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 2019, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 101-117. DOI: 10.1109/MGRS.2019.2902525.

Luo, Y., Guo, L., Zuo, Y., & Liu, W. Time-Domain Scattering Characteristics and Jamming Effectiveness in Corner Reflectors. IEEE Access, 2021, vol. 9, pp. 15696-15707. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3053116.

Praja, M., & Pamungkas, W. Linear Polarization on Radar Cross Section Measurement for Tank Miniature. INFOTEL, 2022, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 263-268. DOI: 10.20895/infotel.v14i4.782.

Qingyang, S., Ting, S., Kai-Bor, Y., & Wenxian, Y. Fast Target Deception Jamming Method against Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Based on Equivalent Bistatic Scattered Fields. The Journal of Engineering, 2019, pp. 7385-7389. DOI: 10.1049/joe.2019.0507.

Liu, Y. X., Zhang, Q., Xiong, S. C., Ni, J. C., Wang, D., & Wang, H.-B. An ISAR Shape Deception Jamming Method Based on Template Multiplication and Time Delay. Remote Sensing, 2023, vol. 15, no. 11, article no. 2762. DOI: 10.3390/rs15112762.

Sukharevsky, O., Nechitaylo, S., & Vasilets, V. Using Corner Reflectors to Increase Backscattering of Radar Targets. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Ukrainian Microwave Week (UkrMW), Kharkiv, Ukraine, IEEE, 2020, pp. 207-212. DOI: 10.1109/UkrMW49653.2020.9252740.

Watanabe, T. Image-Based Radar Cross Section Synthesis for a Cluster of Multiple Static Targets. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023, vol. 72, article no. 8001413. DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3246489.

Burlaka, O. Strange Electromagnetic Interference Was Detected over Crimea. Available at: https://universemagazine.com/en/strange-electromagnetic-interference-was-detected-over-crimea/ (accessed 14.08.2024).

Fevralev, D. V. Ponomarenko, N. N. Lukin, V. V., Mäkitalo, M., & Foi, A. Efficiency Analysis of Color Image Filtering. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2011, article no. 41. DOI: 10.1186/1687-6180-2011-41.

Mäkitalo, M., Foi, A., Fevralev, D., & Lukin, V. Denoising of Single-Look SAR Images Based on Variance Stabilization and Nonlocal Filters. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory, Kyiv, Ukraine, IEEE, 2010, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/MMET.2010.5611418.

Zhyla, S., Volosyuk, V., Pavlikov, V., Ruzhentsev, N., Tserne, E., Popov, A., Shmatko, O., Havrylenko, O., Kuzmenko, N., Dergachov, K., Averyanova, Y., Sushchenko, O., Zaliskyi, M., Solomentsev, O., Ostroumov, I., Kuznetsov, B., & Nikitina, T. Statistical Synthesis of Aerospace Radars Structure with Optimal Spatio-Temporal Signal Processing, Extended Observation Area and High Spatial Resolution. Radioelectronic and Computer Systems, 2022, no. 1, p. 178-194. DOI: 10.32620/reks.2022.1.14.

Volosyuk, V. K., Pavlikov, V. V., Zhyla, S. S., & Van, N. H. Phenomenological Description of the Electromagnetic Field and Coherent Images in Radio Engineering and Optical Systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 17th International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory (MMET), Kyiv, Ukraine, IEEE, 2018, pp. 302-305. DOI: 10.1109/MMET.2018.8460321.

Pavlikov, V. V., Volosyuk, V. K., Zhyla, S. S., & Van, N. H. Active Aperture Synthesis Radar for High Spatial Resolution Imaging. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals (UWBUSIS), Odessa, Ukraine, IEEE, 2018, pp. 252-255. DOI: 10.1109/UWBUSIS.2018.8520021.

Rahmanizadeh, A., & Amini, J. An Integrated Method for Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Raw Data in Moving Target Detection. Remote Sensing, 2017, vol. 9, no. 10, article no. 1009. DOI: 10.3390/rs9101009.

Volosyuk, V. K., & Kravchenko, V. F. Statisticheskaya teoriya radiotekhnicheskikh sistem distantsionnogo zondirovaniya i radiolokatsii [Statistical theory of radio-technical systems of remote sensing and radiolocation]. Moscow, Fiziko-matematicheskaya literatura Publ., 2008. 704 p.

Kabakchiev, C., Garvanov, I., Behar, V., Kabakchiev, A., & Kabakcueva, D. Forward Scatter Radar Detection and Estimation of Marine Targets. Proceedings of the 2012 13th International Radar Symposium, Warsaw, Poland, IEEE, 2012, pp. 533-538. DOI: 10.1109/IRS.2012.6233380.

Volosyuk, V., Zhyla, S., & Kolesnikov, D. Phenomenological Description of Coherent Radar Images Based on the Concepts of the Measure of Set and Stochastic Integral. Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, 2019, vol. 78, iss. 1, pp. 19-30. DOI: 10.1615/TelecomRadEng.v78.i1.30.

Richards, M. A. Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2014. 656 p.

Cutrona, L. J., & Hall, G. O. A Comparison of Techniques for Achieving Fine Azimuth Resolution. IRE Transactions on Military Electronics, 1962, vol MIL-6, pp. 119-121.

Rahman, H. Fundamental Principles of Radar. CRC Press, 2019. 340 p.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.32620/reks.2024.4.11

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.