Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies
Founded in: 1999 Field of science and issues in focus: The collection covers methods of integrated design, construction, three-dimensional parametric modeling, production preparation, engineering analysis with the help of CAD / CAM / CAE / PLM systems, aerodynamics, strength, design and technology of aircraft engineering. Methods for ensuring the safety of structures during long-term operation, the aircraft lifecycle information support system, life safety systems for aircrafts, questions of economic risk analysis, methods of support, and management decisions are considered. The publication is intended for specialists of industrial and scientific organizations, teachers, post-graduate students and students. The edition is included in the List of Scientific Professional Publications of Ukraine (Category "Б") by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine № 1301 of 15.10.2019. Updated List of Ukrainian Scientific Professional Journals (Order No 928 dated 11 June, 2026) Specialties (ISCED-F 2013): 0715 Mechanics and metal trades 0716 Motor vehicles, ships and aircraft 0788 Inter-disciplinary programmes and qualifications involving engineering, manufacturing and construction ISSN: 2071-1077 (Print), 2663-2411 (Online) Media identifier No. R30-01719 (Decision dated 10/26/2023 No. 1146). Indexing: Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine; NRAT; «Ukrainika naukova»; «Dzerelo»; Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory; OCLC WorldCat; Index Copernicus, Scillit, OUCI DOI CrossRef Founder: National Aerospace University «Kharkiv Aviation Institute» EDRPOU code: 02066769 Founder's ROR: https://ror.org/048j5n646 DOI prefix: 10.32620/oikit Editor-in-Chief: Grebenikov Oleksandr Executive secretary: Gamanukha Tamara Editorial office address: 61070, Kharkiv, 17 V. Manka Str., chair 103. Tel.: +38(057)7884363, +38(057)7884084 E-mail: agrebenikov@ukr.net Archives of issues are HERE This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Національний аерокосмічний університет "ХАІ"
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ANALYSIS OF WING DESIGN METHODS FOR LIGHT CIVIL AIRCRAFT IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATED DESIGN
This paper examines modern approaches to wing design for light civil aircraft (LCA) within the framework of integrated design methodology. The analysis traces the evolution of methods from classical statistical-analytical techniques and sequential finite element (FEM) approaches through contemporary multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) and parametric 3D modeling in CAD/CAM/CAE/PLM environments. Examination of key methodologies reveals both capabilities and limitations: statistical-analytical methods offer rapid assessment but typically achieve only 10–20% accuracy due to the generalized character of empirical correlations; aerodynamic optimization via adjoint sensitivity methods can handle hundreds of shape variables yet depends heavily on initial geometry and computational expense. Topology optimization using SIMP methodology demonstrates wing mass reduction potential of 7–15%, although the resulting material distributions require further practical interpretation. Combined with polymer composite materials and optimized fiber layups [0°/±45°/90°], the combined use of topology optimization and composite materials can reduce wing mass by roughly one third for the considered configurations. Master geometry within CAD/CAE/PLM integration emerges as a critical coordination mechanism synchronizing disciplinary decisions, significantly reducing the number of design iterations required in current projects. The methodology developed at the National Aerospace University demonstrates conceptual alignment with Siemens NX's Master Model and Dassault 3DEXPERIENCE's Virtual Twin while remaining specifically tailored to LCA production constraints and computational resource limitations. The digital twin concept offers promising evolution pathways, coupling aerodynamic, structural, and durability models with structural health monitoring data to enable transition from scheduled to condition-based maintenance. A method classification framework by disciplinary integration level (sequential → optimization-based → fully integrated) has been formulated with quantitative criteria for method selection across design stages. Statistical analysis of leading manufacturers (GAMA 2023) indicates approximately 58% of new piston aircraft now employ polymer composites for wings (976 aircraft), with box-spar configurations in 51.4% of deliveries, while aluminum structures retain 42% market share. However, only one major manufacturer has adopted full multidisciplinary optimization; most use sequential verification despite composite construction. This gap between academic MDO capabilities and industrial practice underscores the relevance of developing an adapted integrated design methodology suitable for small design teams.
Copyright (c) 2026 В. В. Алейніков, О. Г. Гребеніков
CONTAINERIZED MOBILE HUBS AS A MEANS OF INFRASTRUCTURAL SUPPORT FOR AUTONOMOUS OPERATIONS OF CIVIL AVIATION AND UAV INTEGRATION
The article explores the concept of containerized mobile hubs as an innovative solution for the infrastructural support of autonomous operations integrating civil aviation and civil unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The relevance of transitioning to flexible, decentralized, and highly automated solutions is substantiated in the context of the development of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which require new approaches to ground infrastructure organization. The key problem is identified as the infrastructure gap between the rapid advancement of UAV technologies and the limited capabilities of traditional aeronautical systems. A concept of a mobile hub based on a standardized ISO container (in particular, High Cube or refrigerated type) is proposed. The hub performs the functions of power supply, dispatching, communication, maintenance, and charging of exclusively civil and commercial UAVs. The hub is considered as an intelligent node integrated with civil UTM/U-space systems, ensuring the coordination of manned and unmanned flights within a unified digital airspace. The scope of practical application of the complex is outlined, encompassing environmental monitoring, support for humanitarian missions, and civil protection operations. Existing commercial "drone-in-a-box" solutions are analyzed, and their limitations are identified, including narrow functionality and insufficient mobility. Special attention is paid to the technical aspects of hub implementation, including container design selection, climate control, energy efficiency, and rapid deployment capabilities in environments where stationary infrastructure is absent or damaged. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly reduces operational costs and enables continuous 24/7 operations of civil UAVs. It is concluded that containerized mobile hubs can become a key element in forming a new decentralized aeronautical infrastructure for civil aviation, particularly in the context of the peaceful recovery of Ukraine's transport sector, providing rapid deployment, versatility, and a high level of autonomy.
MODELING CNC MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR SERIAL PRODUCTION IN MACHINE BUILDING
The article examines information support systems for high-tech manufacturing, specifically focusing on meeting stringent customer quality requirements while managing cost and delivery constraints. The necessity of creating a unified computer information system for the enterprise is substantiated; this system enables a substantial reduction in the cycles of design and technological preparation of production, enhances the quality of developments, and ensures the continuity, consistency, and completeness of data at all stages of the product life cycle. The system's functional architecture comprises four interconnected subsystems. This study provides a detailed description of the modular subsystem architecture and its information interrelations. It specifically examines hierarchical decision-making procedures and the development of CNC machining process models (PM) based on analytical standards for equipment, workpieces, tools, and fixtures. Special emphasis is placed on the simulation of technical operations, digital visualization, and geometric control. This approach streamlines the migration from legacy paper drawings to integrated digital formats, utilizing advanced visualization and real-time access tools. This significantly enhances the operational efficiency, safety, and competitiveness of high-tech manufacturing.
COMPARISON OF QUALIMETRIC INDEXES OF WINDING AND LAYING-UP AT PROFILED COMPOSITE PARTS MANUFACTURING
An analysis of the qualimetric indicators of the winding and laying processes used for the manufacture of profiled long parts of aircraft from composites was carried out. A single curvature panel was selected as a typical part that can be manufactured using manual laying or automated winding processes. The assessment of the duration of typical technological processes for the manufacture of a representative part includes considering both the main and auxiliary technological processes of preparation and direct production. A profiled long part of a square cross-section was selected to include the pultrusion process in the comparison. Using the analysis of modern literary sources, the influence of such a characteristic of technological processes as the complexity of a part on the characteristics of its quality was separately investigated. A method for numerically evaluating the quality indicators of technological processes for the production of composite profiles was proposed. Also, the material utilization factor is used when comparing manufacturing processes. This method involves the use of the method of expert assessments that use the weighting factors of the influence of each technological process. The goal of research is to develop an engineering methodology for comparing complex quality indicators of technological processes with the subsequent selection of the most effective process with the development of relevant recommendations. The subject of research is the quality indicators of the technological processes of automated winding, manual laying and pultrusion. Methods used in the research. The study used the method of qualimetric analysis of the indicators of the technological processes of manufacturing panels of single curvature and profiled products from composites. Recommendations have been developed for taking into account such most significant properties of production processes and parts that are manufactured as the complexity and strength of the product, the cost of production equipment, process productivity and qualification of workers, which should be taken into account when analyzing quality indicators.
HYBRID METHOD FOR MOBILE ROBOT TRAJECTORY PLANNING IN A DYNAMIC UNDETERMINED ENVIRONMENT
This article presents the results of a study aimed at developing a hybrid method for planning the trajectories of a mobile robot in a dynamic, uncertain environment, based on a combination of Risk-Aware MPC and neural networks for predicting the movement of obstacles. The aim of the study is to improve the efficiency and safety of autonomous navigation by taking into account collision risks and environmental uncertainty. The subject of the study is the process of planning trajectories for a mobile robot under conditions of dynamic environmental changes. The subject of the study is mathematical models and hybrid planning algorithms that integrate obstacle behaviour prediction and risk-aware optimal control. The study utilises methods of mathematical modelling, optimal control theory, Model Predictive Control, machine learning and numerical simulation in the Python environment. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of an integrated approach that combines neural network prediction with covariance estimation and Risk-Aware MPC, allowing for both the expected behaviour of obstacles and the level of uncertainty in the forecast to be taken into account. The results of numerical modelling confirm improved motion accuracy, reduced integral errors and the assurance of safe navigation whilst minimising the risk of collision. The proposed method demonstrates stability and effectiveness under complex dynamic conditions and can be used in autonomous navigation tasks, robotic systems and civil security systems.
STUDY OF TEMPERATURE FIELDS AND THERMAL STRESSES IN H13A TOOL MATERIAL UNDER FEMTOSECOND LASER PROCESSING
The study presents a theoretical modeling of the nanostructure formation process in H13A tool material under the influence of femtosecond laser radiation, taking into account the following technological parameters: heat flux density (q = 10⁸–10¹¹ W/m²) and pulse duration (10⁻¹⁶–10⁻¹⁰ s). The research was based on a comparison of two approaches to defining the thermophysical and thermomechanical properties of materials: a quantum-mechanical method that considers the discrete atomic structure, and a stochastic method oriented toward probabilistic distributions. Modeling of temperature fields, their rates of change, and thermal stresses at different depths was performed using numerical methods adapted to extreme heating and cooling regimes. The results showed that within the quantum-mechanical approach, the temperature values and temperature rise rates (V) are significantly higher than those predicted by the stochastic approach, especially at high heat flux densities (above 10¹⁰ W/m²) and short pulse durations (10⁻¹⁶–10⁻¹⁴ s). The distribution of thermal stresses exhibited pronounced heterogeneity: maxima were observed at q ≈ 10⁹ W/m² (due to peak temperature gradients), while minima occurred at q ≈ 10¹⁰ W/m², which promotes phase transformations and nanostructure self-organization. It was shown that at pulse durations of 10⁻¹⁰–10⁻¹² s, thermal stresses can independently initiate nanostructurization, whereas in other cases they accelerate the process. The quantum-mechanical method demonstrates advantages in accurately predicting extreme regimes, providing higher stress and temperature peaks that are critical for amorphization and the formation of ultrafine phases. At the same time, the stochastic approach yields more conservative estimates suitable for preliminary screening. The analysis emphasizes that temperature data alone are insufficient for model validation; the key factor is the comparison of nanostructure (cluster) volumes obtained experimentally and theoretically using atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and spectroscopy techniques. Integration of both approaches into a hybrid model will enable optimization of laser processing parameters for the development of materials with enhanced wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. The results open prospects for industrial applications in the aerospace, automotive, medical, and other industries. Further work will focus on experimental verification and technology scaling.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF HAFNIUM OXIDE ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE BLADES
The article discusses thermal barrier coatings (TBC) for cooled working blades of high-pressure turbines in gas turbine engines. TBCs allow for a reduction in operating temperatures on the blade surfaces, which contributes to increased engine efficiency by enabling operation at higher temperatures. The results of computational studies demonstrate that the effectiveness of TBCs significantly depends on the blade design, features of its cooling system, coating thickness, operating temperatures, and loads. The potential for an improved TBC is theoretically substantiated through the integration of hafnium oxide (HfO2) as a stabilizer. This facilitates the relaxation of internal stresses in the crystal lattice, shifts phase transitions to higher temperatures, increases the melting point of the mixture, and enhances thermal resistance, which overall improves the operational characteristics of the TBC. The summaries of parametric analyses of the new TBC using a mathematical model of thermal conductivity in a multilayer structure are described. The implementation of an improved ceramic element with HfO2 reduces the heating of the base blade material by 10–13% compared to the traditional layer based on ZrO2–Y2O3 (YSZ). Additional studies confirm that the addition of hafnium reduces thermal conductivity by 20–30% (to 0.5–1.1 W/(m·K)), decreases the Young's modulus, and improves resistance to sintering. For example, the 7.5YSH coating (yttria-stabilized hafnia) exhibits better properties than the standard 8YSZ, with the potential to reduce blade temperature by 6.5–19.5% depending on thickness (100–500 μm) and material, such as lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7). The influence of Hf additives on the strength and growth kinetics of thermally grown oxide (TGO) is considered, which extends the service life of the TBC. The optimal coating thickness is determined through the study of hot corrosion, and the phase stability of HfO2 up to 2573 K makes it promising for TBC. Studies indicate a reduction in thermal stresses and improved adhesion due to Hf, but emphasize dependence on composition (for example, Mo, Ta, Re >0.5 at.% worsen oxidation). Compared to YSZ, hafnium coatings have lower ionic conductivity (9.2×10^-4 S·cm^-1 vs 0.1 S·cm^-1), reducing oxygen permeability. Thermal cycling shows better durability than in LZ (La2Zr2O7), with a lifespan of up to 3238 cycles for La2Ce2.09O7.18. Overall, the integration of HfO2 opens the way to sixth-generation TBCs for temperatures >1700 °C, increasing gas turbine efficiency by 10–15%. Prospects include combined systems (LZ/YSZ) to extend service life.
OPTIMIZATION OF ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF TRANSIENT PROCESS EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE-PHASE GROUND FAULTS IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE NETWORKS
The article discusses topical issues related to the transient process during single-phase ground faults in medium-voltage networks. The difficulty of obtaining an accurate analytical solution to the equations of the transient process during single-phase ground faults in medium-voltage networks is primarily due to the complexity of the calculation scheme for replacing the electrical network. The choice of the scheme depends on the purpose of the study and the need to take into account different stages of the development of the transient process. The process of a single-phase ground fault is accompanied by a redistribution of phase voltages relative to the ground: the potential of the damaged phase decreases to zero, and the potentials of the healthy phases increase. A single complex transient process is conventionally divided into four stages. The first and second stages belong to wave processes and are often combined into one discharge stage. The third stage - the exchange of energy between the source inductance and the capacitances of the network elements - is manifested by medium-frequency oscillations and is considered as a charging stage, which can be described by equations of electromagnetic transients in circuits with lumped parameters. The fourth stage corresponds to the establishment of the power frequency current. The work has carried out analytical calculations and mathematical modeling, which indicate that the maximum overvoltages occur at the charging stage, therefore, in many calculations, the discharge stage is simplified, considering it instantaneous. However, when analyzing the impact of the transient process on the operation of protection against single-phase ground faults, estimating the amplitude-frequency spectrum of transient currents and determining the effective value of the current at the damage site, such simplification leads to significant errors. In these cases, the calculation scheme of the equivalent circuit must take into account both the charging and discharging stages of the transient process. The article presents an optimization analysis of known approaches to the analytical solution of the equations of the transient process during a single-phase ground fault. It is shown that the most promising is the combination of analytical methods based on simplified schemes with simulation modeling in the MATLAB environment. At the same time, a comparative analysis of methods for obtaining analytical solutions is performed. It is established that a sufficiently accurate analytical solution, which considers the discharge and charge stages as a single process, is achieved on the basis of a two-frequency equivalent circuit of the electrical network. The proposed approach allows obtaining compact analytical expressions with an accuracy acceptable for engineering practice. It is recommended to use it for analyzing the impact of transients on the functioning of protection against single-phase ground faults, assessing the spectral characteristics of currents and in the design and adjustment of relay protection in medium-voltage networks.
EXPERT ASSESSMENT OF BRAKING EFFICIENCY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ABS/ESP AND THE ABSENCE OF SKID MARKS
This paper addresses the problem of evaluating braking effectiveness in accident reconstruction form odern vehicles equipped with ABS/ESC, where continuous locked-wheel skid marks are frequently absent at the crash scene. The lack of classical “skid” traces complicates conventional reconstruction techniq ues based on me as uring mark length and often leads to disputed claims regarding whether braking occurred and how effective it was. The physical reason for them is singmarksisthecy clic brake-pressure modulation performed by ABS/ESC, which keeps the wheels mostly rotating and maintains braking near an optimal slip region. Under such conditions, the expert assessment must shift from qualitative statements to a formal quantitative evaluation ground edin vehicle dynamics, tire–road interaction and an explicittreatment of uncertainty. A combined methodology is proposed, consisting of: (1) an analytic stopping-distance model represented as the sum of reaction and braking components; (2) road-condition parameterization through the tire–road friction coefficient µ, and, when digital records area vailable (EDR/CAN/telematics), the option to estimate µ from dynamic signals; (3) a generalized representation of technical degradation of the braking system via a degradation factor ka ∈ (0,1) that reduces achievable mean deceleration even when ABS prevents wheel lock; and (4) probabilistic/interval reporting of results using Monte Carlo simulation, which yields distributions and quantile ranges of sΣ and the increment ∆sΣ between nominal and degraded scenarios in stead of a single “point” value. It is emphasized that, in practice, the dominant sources of uncertainty are the selection/variability of µ (pavement state, tire condition, local patches such as markings or wet film) and the total response/lag time tr. A computational experiment ill us trate show degradation levels (ka= 1.00;0.85;0.70) affect the structure of stopping distance: the reaction component sr is independent of brake condition, while the braking component sb increases approximately in versely with ka. Presenting the out come as quantile intervals is shown to be more appropriate for expert reports under incomplete evidence and to explicitly reflect reconstruction un certainty. The scientific contribution of the work is a formalized integration of an analytic stopping model, a compact parameterization of brake condition influence through ka, and probabilistic output suitable for ABS/ESC cases with no continuous lockup traces.
PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRCRAFT DRIVES
Almost all processes related to mechanical energy and motion are carried out by various drives, such as electromechanical, hydro and pneumatic drives. A drive is a device that performs a controlled conversion of electrical energy or oil or air pressure into mechanical energy and is designed to set working machines and mechanisms in motion. It is a link that connects the power system with technological installations. To some extent, the drive plays the role of a regulator of these connections, with a technological installation or machine on the one hand and a higher-level information system - often with a person - an operator, on the other hand. It can be considered that the drive as a subsystem is included in the specified systems, being a part of them. A specialist in the construction and operation of aircraft (LA) is usually interested in the drive as a consumer of electricity, a technologist or designer of the LA - as a source of mechanical energy, an engineer who develops or operates the LA - as a developed interface that connects his system with a technological process or power supply system. An important point in the development of a modern aircraft control system is the determination of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the component units and elements.The aim of the work is to use computer technologysystems to obtain these parametersThe tasks of the work are: development of a computer system for determining static and dynamic characteristics of drives; creation and verification of operating algorithms and necessary calculations on a laboratory bench using the ARDUINO controller. The control law was selected and testedcomputera system for calculating the necessary parameters, which is implemented on the ARDUINO controller. The applied value of the work is the further use of the obtained results for the study of modern aircraft drives.
INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES
The processes of formation of the structure of dispersion-strengthened composite materials, which determines their physical and mechanical properties and therefore is of scientific and practical interest, have been studied. Experimental studies of the mechanism of inclusions crystallization during condensation of a vapors mixture of two metals that do not have solubility in equilibrium conditions have been carried out using the example of the Cu-Mo composite. The structure of the Cu-Mo composite has been studied, as well as the dependence of the size of molybdenum particles on its concentration and temperature of substrate. The influence of the production conditions on properties of dispersion-strengthened composite materials has been studied. Studies have shown that Cu-Mo composites obtained at tS = 150 – 450 °C are double-phase: dispersed molybdenum particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix, which is a substitutional solid solution of molybdenum in copper. The particles of the strengthening phase are uniformly distributed throughout the matrix grains. The molybdenum particles are nearly spherical in shape and apparently form during the formation of the Cu-Mo composite at the crystallization front as a result of surface diffusion of molybdenum atoms. With increasing substrate temperature, the size of the strengthening molybdenum particles and the distance between them increase, resulting in a decrease in microhardness of dispersion-hardened composite. Thus, at a substrate temperature of tS = 150 °C and a molybdenum content of 0.6% to 5.4%, the average particle size is from 98 Å to 120 Å; at a substrate temperature of tS = 450 °C and a molybdenum content of 2.0% to 4.0%, the average particle size is from 500 Å to 700 Å; at substrate temperatures of tS = 150 – 450 °C, the microhardness is Hμ = 850 – 350 MPa, respectively.
HYBRID METAL–COMPOSITE JOINTS WITH LONGITUDINAL MICRO-ELEMENTS: ANALYTICAL MODELING AND STRENGTH ASSESSMENT
This paper addresses the relevant problem of improving the load-bearing capacity and reliability of heterogeneous metal–composite joints widely used in aerospace engineering. It is shown that conventional adhesive joints, despite their technological advantages, exhibit high sensitivity to surface preparation quality and limited ability to effectively transfer interlaminar shear stresses, which reduces their operational reliability. A novel design and technological solution is proposed, combining the adhesive load transfer mechanism with additional reinforcement in the form of discrete longitudinal connecting elements (micro-fasteners). In contrast to classical approaches, the proposed model accounts for the combined action of the adhesive layer and metallic micro-elements, enabling load redistribution and reducing stress concentrations in the composite part. An analytical model is developed based on the assumption of a uniform distribution of shear stresses along the joint length and the application of compliance-based approaches. A system of design equations is obtained for determining the main geometric parameters of the joint, including the number of rows of micro-elements, the joint length, the embedment depth into the composite, and the parameters of composite reinforcement. A numerical evaluation of the joint parameters is performed for a structure made of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer bonded with an epoxy adhesive and reinforced with steel micro-elements. The influence of geometric characteristics of the longitudinal connecting elements on the load-bearing capacity is analyzed. It is established that increasing the thickness of the micro-elements leads to a reduction in their number while simultaneously increasing their individual load-bearing capacity, which affects the optimal design parameters. The obtained results enable engineering design of efficient metal–composite joints considering both structural and technological factors. The proposed approach can be used for further experimental validation as well as for optimization of joint parameters in advanced aerospace structures.
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF A MICROCONTROLLER-BASED STRAIN GAUGE SYSTEM FOR MONITORING THE ELASTIC-DEFORMED STATE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The paper investigates the feasibility of using low-cost microcontroller platforms to build a strain-gauge measurement system. A measurement scheme based on the ESP32 microcontroller and the 24-bit HX711 analog-to-digital converter was implemented for measuring deformations of a cantilever beam made of 6063 (AD-31) aluminum alloy. Software for real-time visualization of measurement results was developed. Field calibration of the system was performed using linear regression. Determination coefficients R² > 0.9997 were obtained, confirming the high linearity of the response. The long-term stability of the system was investigated over a period of one year: a zero-value drift was recorded while the sensitivity of the measurement channels was preserved. Possible causes of drift were analyzed, and recommendations for improving measurement stability were formulated. A concept of a multi-level architecture for the application of the system under operational conditions of aircraft structures was elaborated.
PROBABILISTIC MODELS OF HARDRE RELIABILITY AND DATA INTEGRITY IN CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
The article investigates the reliability of cyber-physical systems (CPS), focusing on hardware failures and their propagation into software and physical processes. The main sources of failures in computation, memory, communication, power supply, and sensing subsystems are analyzed, accounting for the influence of external factors such as radiation, electromagnetic interference, and thermal stress. The mechanisms of single-event upsets (SEU), multi-bit upsets (MBU), and burst errors are examined. The study analyzes error-amplification mechanisms in software algorithms and feedback loops. Formal dependencies for estimating the rate of dangerous undetected failures are introduced. It is shown that memory and data transmission subsystems are critical to ensuring CPS reliability, and that integrated hardware-software protection methods are essential for functional safety. Probabilistic memory failure models are proposed that account for both independent and correlated errors, as well as aging effects. Formal dependencies for evaluating the intensity of dangerous undetected failures, taking diagnostic coverage into account, are established. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of error propagation and amplification through software implementations of algorithms, feedback loops, and state retention, which are characteristic features of cyber-physical systems. The necessity of applying integrated hardware-software protection methods and utilizing simulation to improve reliability and ensure the functional safety of cyber-physical systems is substantiated.
RESEARCH ON THERMO-OXIDATIVE STABILITY AS ONE OF THE KEY INDICATORS OF ENGINE OIL LIFESPAN
This article examines the topical issue of evaluating the performance characteristics of motor oils based on their thermal-oxidative stability under real-world operating conditions. It is demonstrated that the reliability and durability of internal combustion engines depend to a significant extent on the quality of the motor oil, which performs the functions of lubrication, cooling, cleaning friction surfaces of wear products, and protecting parts from corrosion. It is shown that during engine operation, the oil is exposed to high temperatures, atmospheric oxygen, fuel combustion products, metal contaminants, and mechanical loads, resulting in oxidation processes accompanied by the formation of organic acids, resinous substances, varnishes, sludge, and other aging products. This leads to a deterioration in the physical, chemical, and operational properties of the lubricant, a reduction in the effectiveness of additives, the formation of deposits on engine components, and accelerated wear. The aim of the study is to evaluate the operational properties of motor oil based on indicators of thermal-oxidative stability. To achieve this objective, the oxidation processes of engine oil during vehicle operation were investigated, the thermal-oxidative stability coefficient was determined, its dependence on vehicle mileage was established, and the oil’s performance under real-world operating conditions was evaluated. The subject of the study was SAE 5W40 ZIC SK X9 synthetic motor oil, which was used in Renault Logan passenger cars. Samples were taken every 3,000 km of mileage. The tests were conducted using a laboratory apparatus that simulates the oxidation processes of engine oil: a 250-ml sample was heated to 180 °C while being stirred at a speed of 330 rpm for 3 hours. The study determined the thermal-oxidative stability coefficient and the evaporation coefficient. It was found that as the vehicle’s mileage increased from 0 to 12,000 km, the thermal-oxidative stability coefficient rose from 0.462 to 0.988, and the evaporation coefficient from 0.029 to 0.157. The most significant changes were recorded in the 6,000–9,000 km range, indicating the gradual aging of the engine oil and a decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant additives. The results obtained are of practical significance for assessing the quality of motor oils, predicting the duration of their effective use, and justifying optimal replacement intervals during vehicle operation.
GENERALIZATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS ON FRICTION LOSSES AND TEMPERATURE IN ROLLING BEARINGS WITH CERAMIC AND STEEL BALLS
A generalization of the results of an experimental study on temperature and friction losses in rolling bearings with ceramic and steel balls has been carried out. It is based on comparative tests of all-steel bearings and similar bearings with rolling elements made of silicon nitride (hybrid bearings) under oil-jet lubrication. The generalization was performed using dimensionless criterion-based relationships. The Reynolds, Prandtl, and Euler numbers were adopted as similarity criteria. Criterion-based relationships were obtained for determining friction power losses under jet lubrication, taking into account the effects of load, thermophysical properties of the lubricant, oil flow rate, ball diameter and quantity, and rotor rotational speed. Experimental results showed that the obtained values of power losses in hybrid and all-steel bearings are quite close. The main components of power losses in a bearing are friction losses between the rolling elements and the rings and cage, as well as losses due to oil churning. Since oil flow rates in aviation bearings (the study was conducted for aerospace applications) are typically high due to cooling requirements, most of the losses are associated with the oil, accounting for 60–80% of the total losses. Accordingly, differences in the materials of rolling elements, which determine variations in friction losses, are outweighed by the substantial oil-related losses. This made it possible to derive a generalized formula with only a slight reduction in the accuracy of regression coefficients. The obtained analytical expressions for determining power losses were used to calculate bearing temperatures under the assumption that external heat removal from surrounding components is absent. The research results enable a more substantiated approach to selecting bearing types and predicting their thermal state and power losses.
Copyright (c) 2026 В. М. Доценко, Ю. В. Ковеза
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MOBILE ROBOTIC PLATFORM ROUTE CONSTRUCTION IN DYNAMIC SPACE USING QR TAGS
In the modern conditions of Industry 5.0 development, mobile robotic platforms play a key role in ensuring the automation of logistics and production processes. It requires the development of effective navigation methods in a dynamic environment with static and moving obstacles. The task of adaptive formation of a movement route based on sensory information, in particular QR tags, is of particular relevance. It allows for the prompt determination of the coordinates of target points and provide flexibility in controlling the mobile platform. The object of the study is the process of moving a mobile platform in a discrete dynamic workspace. The subject of the study is a method for constructing a mobile platform route using an incremental replanning algorithm and a model for determining target coordinates based on QR tags. The purpose of the study is a mathematical model development and software implementation of a method for constructing an optimal mobile platform route in a dynamic environment, taking into account changes in the space configuration and prompt determination of the coordinates of target points based on QR tags. The study used methods of mathematical modeling, graph theory, numerical integration, incremental pathfinding algorithms and computer modeling using a discrete occupancy map. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of mathematical support for the method of constructing a mobile platform route with the integration of a target observation model based on QR tags. This allows for adaptive replanning of the trajectory in real time when the state of the environment changes. The obtained results of numerical modeling confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, which ensures safe movement of the mobile platform, adaptive avoidance of obstacles and stable achievement of target points with high computational efficiency. The developed model demonstrates the potential for implementation in intelligent control systems for mobile robots and can be used as a basis for further improvement of navigation algorithms in dynamic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 І. Ш. Невлюдов, В. В. Євсєєв, С. С. Максимова, С. І. Теслюк
ARCHITECTURE OF AN OPEN DIGITAL INCLUSIVE EDUCATIONAL ECOSYSTEM OF A UNIVERSITY BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING
The article provides a comprehensive theoretical substantiation and develops an architectural model of an open digital inclusive educational ecosystem for a modern university, based on the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). The relevance of the study is driven by the rapid diversification of the student population, including persons with disabilities, international students, and learners with diverse cognitive styles, which places new demands on the flexibility of the digital infrastructure of higher education institutions. The traditional "one-size-fits-all" approach inherent in most modern Learning Management Systems (LMS) is ineffective for ensuring true inclusion. The proposed architecture is founded on the three methodological pillars of UDL: multiple means of representation, multiple means of action and expression, and multiple means of engagement. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a multi-layer ecosystem model that covers four interconnected levels: the infrastructure layer (cloud resources and data security), the service layer (LMS, repositories of open resources, and analytics), the adaptation layer (AI modules and assistive technologies), and the communication layer (API interfaces and interoperability standards). Special attention is paid to the adaptive learning environment, which functions based on a dynamic learner model that takes into account profiles of accessibility, preferences, competencies, and motivation. The paper details the mechanisms for ensuring the openness and interoperability of the system through the implementation of international standards such as IMS Global (LTI, QTI), xAPI, and WCAG 2.2 Level AA. The organizational strategy for implementing the architecture is substantiated, providing for the creation of a Center for Inclusive Digital Education and a three-phase transition plan (from basic infrastructure to a full-fledged AI-based ecosystem over 2 years). To evaluate the effectiveness, a KPI system is proposed based on indicators of accessibility, engagement, learning outcomes, and user satisfaction . The practical significance of the results lies in the creation of a conceptual and technical basis for modernizing the university's digital space to ensure equal access to quality education for all categories of students.
USE OF THE VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT PLATFORM DURING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AT THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND AVIATION SUPPORT
The large-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation is currently the main factor for Ukraine that affects the security environment and determines the main theoretical and practical tasks facing the security and defense sector. One of the important tasks in this direction is the training of highly qualified specialists whose level of education meets the challenges of modernity. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the quality and efficiency of the educational process by implementing innovative approaches based on modern learning technologies in training. Thus, the introduction of new learning technologies into the educational process, which are based on the digitalization of teaching, fully meets the important scientific and practical tasks facing the security and defense sector at present. A review of work on the digitalization of the educational process was conducted. The purpose of this article is to propose and substantiate a training technology based on the use of a virtual learning environment platform during classes, which contains digital 3-d models of aircraft of various types that are in service with the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The application of the proposed approach allows for virtual testing of aircraft engines, and it is also possible to perform inspection work according to technological charts during various types of aircraft preparation for flight, and to conduct training elements in an interactive mode. The use of a virtual environment with a digital three-dimensional object of aviation technique creates the effect of presence, allows students to fully immerse themselves in the learning process, eliminate all distractions, and significantly increases students' interest in the lesson. The proposed learning technology allows to significantly improve the quality of learning material and the effectiveness of classes. Virtual testing of aircraft engines and training elements significantly saves labor costs for conducting classes, the resource of aviation technique, and costs for aviation kerosene, eliminates dependence on weather conditions, and increases the number of training sessions. In the future, it is advisable to apply the proposed learning technology when teaching the academic disciplines of the block "Operation of Aircraft of the Armed Forces of Ukraine".
Copyright (c) 2026 І. Б. Ковтонюк, Б. М. Іващук, С. С. Дроздов, В. А. Таврін, М. М. Момот
SUN-BASED ATTITUDE DETERMINATION FOR CUBESAT NANOSATELLITES: A REVIEW, MODELS, AND ALBEDO COMPENSATION ALGORITHMS
The article is devoted to a systematic review of methods for determining the angular orientation of CubeSat nanosatellites based on the Sun vector in low Earth orbits (LEO). The relevance of the study is driven by the increasing requirements for the pointing accuracy of small spacecraft when performing complex missions: Earth remote sensing, global monitoring, and optical communications. Developers are forced to work under strict mass, size, and power constraints inherent in CubeSat platforms. The purpose of the work is to generalize scientific and technical approaches to orientation using Sun sensors, evaluate their parameters, and study the influence of orbital conditions on measurement errors. The study uses methods of comparative analysis of hardware solutions, systematization of data from scientific sources, and mathematical modeling of the processes of Sun vector determination. A detailed classification of Sun orientation devices is provided: from analog photodiode circuits and the use of solar panels as coarse sensors to precision slit sensors and digital systems based on CMOS cameras. Their angular resolution, field of view, and resistance to interference are analyzed. Mathematical models for calculating the Sun direction in inertial and body-fixed coordinate systems are described. Attitude estimation algorithms are considered, including the QUEST method and modifications of the Kalman filter. The necessity of combining data from Sun sensors with measurements from gyroscopes and magnetometers for stable operation of ADCS systems is substantiated. Significant attention is paid to the negative impact of Earth albedo and eclipse periods. Algorithmic methods for leveling background illumination based on Earth's reflection models and adaptive adjustment of weight coefficients in filters are analyzed. The main result of the study is the proof that the orientation accuracy of a CubeSat depends primarily on the quality of on-board data processing algorithms, rather than just on sensor characteristics. It has been established that sub-degree pointing accuracy requires the integration of navigation data, the use of Kalman filters, and software compensation for albedo. The results obtained create a theoretical basis for the design of orientation systems for future space missions based on ultra-small platforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 О. С. Щербей, А. В. Погудін
INTEGRATION OF AN ONTOLOGY-BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITH DIGITAL TWINS AND DIGITAL THREADS OF UAVS FOR IMPROVING DECISION TRACEABILITY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT ACCURACY
The object of this study is the integration of an ontology-based decision support system with digital twins and a digital thread of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The research addresses the problem of the absence of a formalized information architecture capable of ensuring semantic consistency, full decision traceability, and coherent integration of technical and economic assessments within a unified digital environment. An integrated information architecture is proposed that combines a semantic ontology layer, a dynamic digital twin layer, a decision-making module, and a graph-based digital thread into a coordinated system. A formal model of the digital twin is used to enable adaptive recalculation of alternatives when the technical state of the UAV changes. Decision traceability is achieved through the construction of a structured explanatory subgraph within the digital thread, preserving the complete context of requirements, system states, activated rules, and economic indicators. The integration of economic evaluation directly into the digital decision loop ensures consistent updating of risk-adjusted mission cost indicators in response to state variations. The results confirm deterministic recalculation of alternatives, semantic coherence between ontology and digital twin parameters, locality of updates, and full traceability of decisions. The proposed approach can be applied in mission planning systems, UAV fleet management, lifecycle digital platforms, and traceable decision support environments operating under dynamically changing conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ю. А. Воробйов, К. В. Майорова, А. О. Сосунов