AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES UNDER URBAN OPERATING CONDITIONS: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW

Abstract

The relevance of the topic stems from the rapid growth of the global market of electric and hybrid vehicles and from the critical role that thermal stability of traction battery packs plays in ensuring their energy efficiency, service life and safety. Urban operating conditions require particular attention, as they generate a specific combined thermal load that differs from steady suburban driving. The purpose of the article is to carry out an analytical review of current scientific research on the factors affecting the thermal stability of traction battery packs of electric and hybrid vehicles specifically under urban operating conditions. Based on the analysis of relevant scientific publications, the chemical characteristics of NMC and LFP batteries and the associated trade-off between energy density and thermal safety have been systematised; the physical mechanisms of internal heat generation (ohmic, entropic, polarisation) have been examined; and the city-specific thermal load factors have been identified, namely peak loads during acceleration and regenerative braking, traffic congestion, the urban heat island effect and the operating features of hybrid vehicles. The consequences of thermal stability loss, ranging from gradual degradation to thermal runaway, as well as modern battery thermal management systems (BTMS), have also been analysed. A comparative analysis of the reviewed sources revealed a research gap: the absence of comprehensive studies addressing the simultaneous action of urban thermal load factors. The practical value of the review lies in establishing a systematised theoretical basis for the further development of a mathematical model for assessing the thermal stability of batteries under urban operating conditions within the framework of the dissertation research.