Air traffic control students’ aspiration levels distributions

Serhii Borsuk, Oleksii Reva, Larysa Sahanovska

Abstract


This paper proposes an analysis of an air traffic control students’ survey describing self-assessment of their workload levels. The workload is defined as the number of aircraft simultaneously under control. The survey is performed over the gird with axes represented with aircraft number, their correspondent, and utility/satisfaction levels. The aspiration level values are calculated using workload differences. The safety background of risks in aviation activities is described. Risk and aspiration level links are highlighted. The aspiration level notion for the proposed research is inferred. Survey details and conditions are explained. The differences in four quarters at the workload charts specified by respondents are explained. The aspiration level parameters and basic statistics calculated for respondents are presented. Appropriate goodness-of-fit tests are performed with different sets of initially received answers. Whole samples and subsamples are considered. It is shown that for the full sample considered, the outlet removal provides significant increase of p-value, thus allowing to change the hypothesis approval status. Sub-samples list includes the whole sample without outlets and the whole sample aspiration level calculated for only positive values according to y-axis. Additionally, other values were considered. Namely regret values, i.e., the values on the descending half of the charts and a mixture of regret and aspiration level values in regard that is higher. Normal and exponential distribution significances are proven for the different options mentioned above. It is shown that the general chi-squared method provides the latter mixture to be insignificantly exponential, whereas specific Fisher’s test approves the significance of the data. The role of air traffic control students’ aspiration level in their estimation and possible education strategy personalization is described. The importance of human factor consideration during similar survey performance is once again proven. The connection of regret with aspiration level in a mixture is discussed. The conclusions on the results are provided. Further research directions are proposed.

Keywords


flight safety; human factors; workload; aspiration level; education

Full Text:

PDF

References


ICAO. Safety management manual (SMM): Doc. 9859, AN/474. Fourth edition, 2018. 182 p.

Safety regulatory requirement. ESARR 4. Risk assessment and mitigation in ATM. EUROCONTROL, 2001. 46 p.

Hoppe, F. Untersuchungen zur Handlungs-und Affektpsychologie. IX. Erfolg und Misserfolg Studies on the psychology of action and emotion. IX. Success and failure. Psychologische Forschung, 1931, no. 14, pp. 1-62.

Frank, D. Individual Differences in Certain Aspects of the Level of Aspiration. Amer. J. Psych., 1935, no. XXXXVIII, pp. 119-129.

Lewin, K. et al. Level of Aspiration, Personality and the Behavior Disorders. New York, 1944. 48 p.

Becker, J. A Comparative and Factor Analytic Study of the Level of Aspiration in Industry, PhD thesis. Loyola University, Chicago, USA, 1960. 110 p.

Simon, H. Invariants of human behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychology, 1990, no. 41, pp. 1-19.

Goodrich, M., Stirling, W. & Boer, E. Satisficing Revisited. Minds and Machines, Journal for Artificial Intelligence Philosophy and Cognitive Science, 2000, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 79-109.

Fessel, F. Increasing Level of Aspiration by Matching Construal Level and Temporal Distance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2011, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 103-111. DOI: 10.1177/1948550610381788.

Mishra, S. & Fiddick, L. Beyond gains and losses: The effect of need on risky choice in framed decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012, no. 102(6), pp. 1136-1147.

Chraif, M., Mitrofan, L., Golu, F. & Gâtej, E. The Influence of Progressive Rock Music on Motivation Regarding Personal Goals, Motivation Regarding Competition and Level of Aspiration on Young Students in Psychology. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, vol. 127, pp. 847-851.

Aniţei, M., Chraif, M. & Minea, L. Influence of Fatigue on Impulsiveness, Aspiration Level, Performance Motivation and Frustration Tolerance Among Young Romanian Psychology Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, vol. 78, pp. 630-634.

Kozeletsky, Y. Psihologicheskaja teorija reshenij [Psychological decision theory]. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1979. 504 p.

Gardner, W. The relation of certain personality variables of level of aspiration. The Journal of psychology : Interdisciplinary and applied, 1940, vol. 9, iss. 1, pp. 191-206.

Golman, W. & Loewenstein, G. Expectations and aspirations: Explaining ambitious goal-setting and nonconvex preferences, 2012. 37 p.

Reva, O. & Borsuk, S. Air traffic control students tendencies of desirability levels during flight norms violations. 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, Las Vegas, 2015, pp. 3049-3053.

Newton, K. Politics, Personality and Social Science in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honour of Harold D. Lasswell. Sociology, 1970, vol. 4(3), pp. 430-431.

Zhang, J. et al. Genetic Algorithm-based BP Neural Network Method for Operational Performance Assessment of ATC Sector. PROMET - Traffic&Transportation, 2016, vol. 28, pp. 563-574.

Andraši, P., Radišić, T., Novak, D. & Juricic, B. Subjective Air Traffic Complexity Estimation Using Artificial Neural Networks. PROMET - Traffic&Transportation, 2019, vol. 31, pp. 377-386.

Braarud, P. An efficient screening technique for acceptable mental workload based on the NASA Task Load Index-development and application to control room validation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2020, vol. 76, article no, 102904.

Yan, S., Wei, Y. & Trana, C. Evaluation and prediction mental workload in user interface of maritime operations using eye response. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2019, vol. 71, pp. 117-127.

Zeier, H. Workload and psychophysiological stress reactions in air traffic controllers. Ergonomics, 1994, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 525-539.

Atkinson, J. Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 1957, vol. 64 (6, Pt.1), pp. 359-372.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2023.3.08