Aerospace Technic and Technology

The technology of building CubeSat-class nanosatellites has created a breakthrough in exploring near space for research and education. The availability of commercial solutions for the rapid integration of hardware and software of a CubeSat under development and the launch of such a nano-satellite into Earth orbit as a parasitic payload has made this technology accessible and attractive to universities worldwide. Despite this popularity, the statistics of nanosatellite failures after launch require a systematic approach to their design and construction and the selection of off-the-shelf (COTS) components. The object of the study is to determine the overall efficiency of standardized network interfaces when used in the onboard network of CubeSat nanosatellites. The subject of the article is a method for comprehensively evaluating the effectiveness of standardized network interfaces for data exchange in the onboard network of CubeSat nanosatellites, taking into account typical scenarios for data and command exchange. The aim of the study was to substantiate the method of expert evaluation of the technical efficiency of standardized network interfaces for data exchange in the onboard network of CubeSat nanosatellites, taking into account the following factors: energy efficiency, multi-mastering capability, resistance to electromagnetic interference, redundancy, coverage following the OSI network model, data transmission speed, and complexity of network technology implementation by software. Objectives: To analyze modern methods of organizing onboard avionics networks of nanosatellites of the CubeSat class, formulate an expert comparison model, and compare the selected information onboard networks following the model and the list of selected networks and their protocols. Results: an expert model consisting of a 7-factor comparison was created, modern and most widely used in the industry onboard networks were selected, and each network was compared according to the proposed model. Conclusions: The two most common and efficient models, I²C and CAN, were selected as recommended for use in the avionics of the KhAI1Sat nanosatellite and the “Boryviter”/”Falco” onboard computer being developed by the authors. Although the difference in power consumption between these two types of networks is significant, each has certain advantages in terms of noise immunity, multicasting, and application.

energy efficiency; on-board network; CAN; I2C; dI2C; SPI; TIA-485; expert model; Boryviter; Falco; on-board computer; avionics; nanosatellite; KhAI1Sat; OSI; redundancy; CubeSat

Developer resources. Available at: https://www.cubesat.org/cubesatinfo. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Millan, R. M., von Steiger, R., Ariel, M., Bartalev, S., Borgeaud, M., Campagnola, S., Castillo-Rogez, J. C., Fléron, R., Gass, V., Gregorio, A., Klumpar, D. M., Lal, B., Macdonald, M., Park, U. J., Rao, V. S., Schilling, K., Stephens, G., Title, A. M., & Wu, J. Small satellites for space science. Advances in Space Research, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 8, pp. 1466–1517. DOI: 10.1016/J.ASR.2019.07.035.

Moeller, G., Ao, C. O., & Mannucci, A. J. (2021). Tomographic Radio Occultation Methods Applied to a Dense Cubesat Formation in Low Mars Orbit. Radio Science, 2021, vol. 56, iss. 7, article no. e2020RS007199, pp. 71-99. DOI: 10.1029/2020RS007199.

Swartwout, M. CubeSat Database. Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/slu.edu/swartwout/cubesat-database, (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Albalooshi, A., Jallad, A.-H. M., & Marpu, P. R. Fault Analysis and Mitigation Techniques of the I2C Bus for Nanosatellite Missions. IEEE Access, 2023, vol. 11, pp. 34709-34717. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3262410.

Liubimov, O., & Turkin, I. Data Model and Methods for Ensuring the Reliability and Relevance of Data for the CubeSat Projects. 12th International Conference on Dependable Systems, Services and Technologies (DESSERT), Athens, Greece, 2022, pp. 1-7. DOI: 10.1109/DESSERT58054.2022.10018658.

Liubimov, O., & Liubimov, M. Use of open-source Cots/Mots hardware and software platforms for the build up of the CubeSat nanosatellites. Journal of Rocket-Space Technology, 2023, vol. 31, iss. 4, pp. 138-147. DOI: 10.15421/452318.

Jung, L. TRACE - CubeSat. Available at: https://tudsat.space/section/cubesat/. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Mikhaylov, K., & Tervonen, J. Evaluation of Power Efficiency for Digital Serial Interfaces of Microcontrollers. 5th International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), Istanbul, Turkey, 2012, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/NTMS.2012.6208716.

I2C-bus specification and user manual. NXP Semiconductors. Available at: https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/user-guide/UM10204.pdf. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

KeyStone Architecture. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). User Guide. (Texas Instruments). Available at: https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/sprugp2. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

KeyStone Architecture. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART). User Guide. (Texas Instruments). Available at: https://www.ti.com/lit/sprugp1. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Young, L D., Nunes, M. A., Trimble, A., Amendola, C., Brandt, A. M., Patton, H., Perez, A., Terry, R., Tuifua, W., Whittingham, D., Williams, K., & Imai-Hong, A. Ke Ao: A Low-Cost 1U CubeSat for Aerospace Education and Research in Hawaii. 35th Annual Small Satellite Conference, Logan, UT, USA, 2021, pp. 2-44. Available at: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250042383. (Accessed 24 March 2024)

Laizans, K., Sünter, I., Zalite, K., Kuuste, H., Valgur, M., Tarbe, K., Allik, V., Olentšenko, G., Laes, P., Lätt, S., & Noorma, M. Design of the fault tolerant command and data handling subsystem for ESTCube-1. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Vilnus, Estonia, 2014, vol. 63, iss. 2S, pp. 222-231. DOI: 10.3176/proc.2014.2S.03.

Song, S., Lee, S.-Y., Kim, H.-R., & Chang, Y. KAUSAT-5 Development and Verification based on 3U Cubesat Standard Platform. Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, 2017, vol. 45, iss. 8, pp. 686-696. DOI: 10.5139/JKSAS.2017.45.8.686.

CAN Specification Version 2.0. Bosch. Available at: http://esd.cs.ucr.edu/webres/can20.pdf. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

ECSS-E-ST-50-12C Rev.1 – SpaceWire – Links, nodes, routers, and networks. European Cooperation for Space Standardization. Available at: https://ecss.nl/standard/ecss-e-st-50-12c-rev-1-spacewire-links-nodes-routers-and-networks-15-may-2019/. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Review and rationale of MIL-STD-1553 A and B. Data Device Corporation. Available at: https://www.milstd1553.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/MIL-STD-1553B.pdf. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Alanazi, A., & Straub, J. Statistical Analysis of CubeSat Mission Failure. 32nd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, 2018. 8 p. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350833992_Statistical_Analysis_of_CubeSat_Mission_Failure. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

ECSS-E-ST-50C – Communications. European Cooperation for Space Standardization. Available at: https://ecss.nl/standard/ecss-e-st-50c-communications/. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

ECSS-E-ST-20-07C Rev.2 – Electromagnetic compatibility. European Cooperation for Space Standardization. Available at: https://ecss.nl/standard/ecss-e-st-20-07c-rev-2-electromagnetic-compatibility-3-january-2022/. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

EN 50561-1:2013(MAIN). Power line communication apparatus used in low-voltage installations - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement - Part 1: Apparatus for in-home use. Available at: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/clc/4e0023ef-9771-4e41-bddf-7c7319565ec2/en-50561-1-2013. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

EN 55032:2015 (Main). Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment - Emission Requirements. Available at: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/fd8bcfa9-037a-4774-808a-ccf917081aee/sist-en-55032-2015. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

IEC 61000-6-3:2020. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-3: Generic standards - Emission standard for equipment in residential environments. International Electrical Committee. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/27413. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

IEC 61000-6-4:2018. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-4: Generic standards - Emission standard for industrial environments. International Electrical Committee. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/26622. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

35.100. Open systems interconnection (OSI). International Standardization Organization. Available at: https://www.iso.org/ics/35.100/x/. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Storinka-prezentatsiya DKR avtoriv statti z ro-zrobky BO «Boryviter»/«Falco» [Page-presentation of the R&D work of the authors of the article on the development of the on-board computer “Boriviter”/“Falco”]. Available at: https://www.falco.engineering/. (Accessed 15 March 2024).

Bouwmeester, J., Langer, M., & Gill, E. Survey on the implementation and reliability of CubeSat electrical bus interfaces. CEAS Space Journal, 2017, vol. 9, pp. 163-173. DOI: 10.1007/s12567-016-0138-0.

UM10856. User manual for dI2C demo board. NXP Semiconductor. Available at: https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/user-guide/UM10856.pdf, (Accessed 15 March 2024).

MODBUS over serial line specification and implementation guide V1.0. MODBUS.ORG. Available at: https://www.modbus.org/docs/Modbus_over_serial_line_V1.pdf. (Accessed 15 March 2024).